1 Hack to Crush Failure

Grasp the Tremendous Mario Impact by Mark Rober. Study one wild hack to embrace errors, construct resilience, and win at life at present.

Tremendous Mario Impact: 1 Hack to Crush Failure

In a world obsessive about perfection, the concern of failure immobilizes us. We hesitate to start out that enterprise, ask for that promotion, or be taught that new talent as a result of the sting of doing it improper feels insufferable. However what if there was a easy thoughts shift—a “cheat code” for all times—that would strip failure of its energy and switch it into your best asset? Enter the Tremendous Mario Impact.

This idea, popularized by former NASA engineer and YouTube sensation Mark Rober, isn’t only a catchy phrase; it’s a scientifically grounded framework for analyzing how we be taught, develop, and finally succeed. In a revealing interview with Mel Robbins, Rober breaks down how observing the best way we play video video games reveals a basic flaw in how we method real-world challenges. Once we play a sport like Tremendous Mario Bros., we don’t spiral into self-loathing once we fall right into a pit. We respawn. We attempt once more. We be taught.

The Tremendous Mario Impact means that by treating life’s obstacles like online game ranges—focusing intently on the purpose (saving the Princess) slightly than the setbacks (the pits)—we are able to trick our brains into studying sooner, making an attempt more durable, and attaining issues we by no means thought doable.

On this complete information, we are going to deep dive into the Tremendous Mario Impact, exploring the neuroscience of creativity, the artwork of “hiding the greens” in studying, and the life-changing energy of what Rober calls “adverse gratitude.” Whether or not you’re a pupil, a guardian, an entrepreneur, or simply somebody feeling caught, this 5000-word masterclass will educate you gamify your life and unlock your full potential.

Who’s Mark Rober? The NASA Engineer Behind the Glitter Bomb

Earlier than we are able to totally recognize the brilliance of the Tremendous Mario Impact, we should perceive the thoughts behind it. Mark Rober is just not your typical productiveness guru or self-help writer. He’s a mechanical engineer, a tinkerer, and a storyteller who has spent his profession testing the boundaries of physics and human curiosity.

From Mars to YouTube

Rober’s resume reads like a science fiction novel. He spent a decade working at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the place he was a part of the workforce that constructed the Curiosity Rover. Particularly, he labored on the advanced {hardware} liable for the “Seven Minutes of Terror”—the sky crane maneuver that lowered the rover to the Martian floor. He additionally designed {hardware} for the rover’s high deck, guaranteeing that the samples collected by the arm may very well be correctly analyzed.

“If you’re not failing, that’s an issue, proper? Like you’ll want to be testing the boundaries to know like for those who’re being so conservative on every little thing, you haven’t any thought how a lot greater and cooler this factor may very well be,” Rober advised Mel Robbins. This mindset, honed within the high-stakes laboratories of NASA, is the bedrock of the Tremendous Mario Impact. At NASA, failure wasn’t a personality flaw; it was information. A failed take a look at meant you discovered the restrict. It meant you had been one step nearer to a design that might survive the cruel atmosphere of the Purple Planet.

After NASA, Rober spent 5 years at Apple of their particular tasks group, engaged on the secretive and now-cancelled Apple Automobile challenge. However it was his pastime—making easy, inventive science movies on YouTube—that might ultimately flip him into “the world’s science instructor.”

The Viral Engineer

Rober’s YouTube profession started with a humble Halloween costume thought: utilizing two iPads to create the phantasm of a gaping gap in his torso. The video went viral, garnering 3 million views nearly immediately. For 15 years, he has constantly uploaded only one video a month, prioritizing high quality and storytelling over amount.

Right now, with over 71 million subscribers and billions of views, his channel is a testomony to the ability of curiosity. From engineering legendary “glitter bombs” to catch porch pirates to filling a swimming pool with 15 tons of Jell-O, Rober’s content material is a masterclass in engagement. The glitter bomb collection, specifically, showcases his obsession with element. * The Drawback: Somebody stole a bundle from his porch. The police couldn’t assist. * The Prototype: He engineered a bait bundle containing 4 smartphones to report the thief from each angle. * The Payload: A custom-built centrifugal motor designed to spin a cup containing a pound of the world’s best glitter, protecting the inside of the thief’s automobile (and the thief) in an un-cleanable mess. * The Punishment: A canister of “fart spray” that emitted a foul odor each 30 seconds, prompting the thief to discard the bundle so Rober may recuperate it through GPS. * The Iteration: Through the years, he has constructed a number of variations, including distinct options like countdown timers, police chatter sounds, and even satellite tv for pc monitoring. Every model was a results of analyzing the failures of the earlier one—possibly the battery died too quick, or the glitter didn’t unfold sufficient. This fixed tinkering is the Tremendous Mario Impact in bodily kind: fail, be taught, modify, respawn.

Rober’s content material isn’t simply entertaining; he’s instructing essential pondering, the scientific technique, and, most significantly, the resilience required to be an engineer.

His journey from a standard engineering profession to turning into some of the influential educators on the planet is a residing instance of the Tremendous Mario Impact. He didn’t know the place his YouTube path would lead. He merely “wiggled the rocks” in entrance of him, stepping from one alternative to the subsequent, fueled by a ardour for science and an entire lack of concern relating to the potential of failure.

Mark Rober’s authority as regards to failure is exclusive as a result of he engineers failure into his life continually. Constructing a dartboard that strikes to catch your dart in 400 milliseconds took him three years. Three years of trial and error, of damaged prototypes, of code that wouldn’t compile. But, he by no means gave up. Why? Due to the Tremendous Mario Impact. He was centered on the win, not the experimental “deaths” alongside the best way.

What’s the Tremendous Mario Impact?

At its core, the Tremendous Mario Impact is a psychological framework for reframing failure. It posits that the adverse emotional weight we connect to failure is just not solely pointless however actively detrimental to our success.

The Gaming Analogy

Contemplate the expertise of taking part in a traditional platformer sport like Tremendous Mario Bros. Your purpose is to get from the left aspect of the display to the appropriate aspect, navigating obstacles, leaping over pits, and dodging enemies.

Once you begin taking part in a brand new stage, you would possibly run ahead and instantly fall right into a pit. Do you throw the controller down and assume, “I’m a nugatory human being? I’ll by no means be good at something”? No. You assume, “Oops. There’s a pit there. Subsequent time, I want to leap a bit of earlier.”

You respawn. You attempt once more. This time, you clear the pit however get hit by a sliding inexperienced turtle shell. You die once more. However once more, the interior monologue isn’t one among disgrace. It’s strategic. “Okay, leap the pit, then anticipate the turtle shell to move.”

This cycle continues—fail, be taught, regulate, retry—till you beat the extent. You would possibly die 10, 20, and even 50 instances earlier than you succeed. However whenever you lastly seize that flag on the finish of the extent, you don’t look again at these 50 deaths with remorse. You sometimes don’t even bear in mind them. You focus totally on the success. You completed the mission.

That is the Tremendous Mario Impact. It’s the phenomenon the place the deal with the top purpose (the Princess, the flag, the excessive rating) creates a pure resilience to the failures encountered alongside the best way.

Why Actual Life is Totally different (And Why It Shouldn’t Be)

In actual life, nonetheless, we are inclined to do the precise reverse. We deal with each failure as a verdict on our id.

• We fail a take a look at: “I’m not good.”
• We get rejected from a job: “I’m unemployable.”
• We fumble a social interplay: “I’m awkward and unlovable.”

Mark Rober argues that this heavy, emotional response to failure is a realized conduct, not an innate one. “Nobody ever picks up that controller for the primary time and falls right into a pit and is like, ‘I’m such a failure… I’d by no means need to play this once more,’” Rober explains.

By adopting the Tremendous Mario Impact, we are able to trick our brains into treating real-world challenges with the identical playful resilience we deliver to video video games. It mainly flips the script on anxiousness. As an alternative of fearing the “Sport Over” display, we develop into obsessive about cracking the code of the extent.

The Tremendous Mario Impact in Motion: The Knowledge

The validity of the Tremendous Mario Impact isn’t simply anecdotal. Rober really carried out an enormous experiment to show it. In a TED speak not explicitly detailed on this transcript however foundational to the idea, he described a coding problem he issued to his followers.

He requested 50,000 folks to play a easy laptop programming puzzle. Half the individuals got a model the place, in the event that they failed, a message appeared saying, “That didn’t work. Please attempt once more.” The opposite half bought a model the place, in the event that they failed, it stated, “That didn’t work. You misplaced 5 factors. Please attempt once more.”

The consequence? The group that misplaced “factors” (making a penalty for failure) had successful fee of round 52%. The group that had no penalty—merely a immediate to attempt once more—had successful fee of 68%.

That may be a statistically large distinction. The mere presence of a adverse consequence for failure made folks attempt much less, persevere much less, and finally succeed much less. The group with no penalty tried extra instances. They noticed failure as a part of the method, not a punishment. They embodied the Tremendous Mario Impact.

Overestimating the Damaging Affect

“I believe we overestimate the adverse influence on failure and underestimate our means to deal with it,” Rober advised Robbins. We construct up failure in our heads to be this catastrophic, career-ending occasion. Public talking is a chief instance. Most individuals checklist public talking as a high concern, usually rating it above dying. Why? As a result of the concern of social failing—of wanting silly in entrance of the tribe—is primal.

However what really occurs for those who stumble over your phrases throughout a presentation? Normally, nothing. Folks would possibly really feel a momentary awkwardness, after which they transfer on. You don’t die. You don’t lose your private home. You simply really feel a bit foolish.

The Tremendous Mario Impact encourages us to have a look at that “social pit” we simply fell into and say, “Okay, famous. Subsequent time, I’ll put together my opening notes higher.” It neutralizes the disgrace.

Reframing Challenges as Alternatives

Once you view the world by way of the lens of the Tremendous Mario Impact, issues cease wanting like roadblocks and begin wanting like puzzles. A troublesome boss isn’t a curse; they’re a stage boss with a selected sample you’ll want to be taught to defeat. A complicated topic in class isn’t proof of your stupidity; it’s a posh map that you just haven’t totally explored but.

“I really like frameworks as a result of it feels then just like the issues I have to do really feel rather less arduous and it doesn’t really feel just like the issues I screwed up are so private,” Rober says.

This depersonalization is vital. When failure is private, it hurts. When failure is simply information in a sport, it’s useful. By adopting the Tremendous Mario Impact, you defend your shallowness whereas concurrently maximizing your fee of studying. You develop into an unstoppable studying machine, continually iterating, continually enhancing, and continually shifting nearer to your individual private fort.

Hiding the Greens: The Science of Studying

If the Tremendous Mario Impact is the technique for overcoming failure, then “Hiding the Greens” is Mark Rober’s masterclass in educate others (and your self) to like the wrestle.

This idea comes from a easy parenting hack: if you need youngsters to eat their diet, you mix the spinach right into a smoothie. They style the fruit, however they get the nutritional vitamins. Mark Rober applies this identical philosophy to schooling and content material creation, and it presents a profound lesson for anybody making an attempt to be taught a troublesome talent.

The 15-Ton Jell-O Pool

Take, for instance, one among Rober’s most viral movies: the 15-ton Jell-O pool. On the floor, it appears like a traditional web stunt—a “clickbait title and thumbnail” designed to get thousands and thousands of views. And it’s. Who doesn’t need to see a grown man stomach flop right into a swimming pool of crimson gelatin?

However as Rober explains, “When you click on on the video… that is the place I get you as a result of fairly quickly you’re studying about chemistry. You’re studying in regards to the scientific technique, you’re studying about just like the variables we managed.”

Making a pool of Jell-O that massive isn’t nearly shopping for a variety of powder. It requires understanding thermodynamics (how do you boil and funky that a lot liquid earlier than it spoils?), structural engineering (will the pool burst?), and fluid dynamics. Rober spent every week boiling Jell-O in 55-gallon drums, utilizing the ambient nighttime temperature of a selected location to chill it down. He misplaced 10 kilos from stress. It was an enormous engineering problem disguised as a pool celebration.

By “hiding the greens,” Rober methods his viewers into participating with advanced scientific ideas. They aren’t there for a lecture; they’re there for the spectacle. However they go away with a lesson.

Conceal Your Personal Greens?

You’ll be able to apply this to your individual life. Typically, the duties we have to do to succeed (the greens) are boring, troublesome, or scary. We procrastinate as a result of we don’t need to do the “work.”

The answer is to wrap the exhausting work in one thing you like.

• Hate train? Don’t simply run on a treadmill. Be a part of a rec league soccer workforce. The “sport” is the fruit; the cardio is the vegetable.
• Dreading studying a brand new software program? Don’t learn the guide. Resolve to construct a selected, enjoyable challenge for your self that requires the software program. The challenge is the fruit; the training curve is the vegetable.
• Petrified of networking? Host a sport night time or an informal meetup centered round a pastime. The social connection is the fruit; the skilled networking is the vegetable.

By gamifying the method and specializing in a enjoyable, tangible output, you make the “greens” palatable. You’re leveraging the Tremendous Mario Impact by making a “stage” that’s enjoyable to play, even when it’s exhausting to beat.

Revolutionizing Schooling: A Mark Rober Bombshell

Throughout the interview, Mark Rober dropped an enormous announcement that completely illustrates the Tremendous Mario Impact utilized to the schooling system itself. After 15 years of “hiding the greens” on YouTube, he takes his philosophy to the classroom.

The Drawback with Science Schooling

Rober recognized a essential “pit” within the present instructional panorama: many academics are underappreciated, under-supported, and compelled to pay for mediocre curriculum out of their very own pockets. Science, a topic that needs to be about marvel and experimentation, usually turns into a dry recitation of information.

“It’s probably the most I believe essential career and maybe probably the most underappreciated… So it’s type of like hey reinforcements are on the best way. We bought you,” Rober introduced.

The Answer: A Free, Excessive-High quality Curriculum

Rober revealed that his workforce is constructing a complete science curriculum for third to eighth grade. However this isn’t only a textbook. It’s a Tremendous Mario Impact-style overhaul of how science is taught.

• Excessive-Finish Video Manufacturing: It contains movies that includes favourite YouTubers, guaranteeing youngsters are literally engaged (hiding the greens).
• Arms-On Demos: It gives low-cost, accessible experiments that academics can simply arrange at school.
• Adherence to Requirements: It meets all instructional science requirements, so it’s not simply “enjoyable” however academically rigorous.
• Zero Price: Your complete program can be free for all academics.

This challenge, which can value an estimated $5-10 million (or extra) to supply, is Rober’s means of “giving a cheat code” to the subsequent era. He calls academics “seed planters,” acknowledging that whereas they might not see the total tree develop, they’re doing probably the most important work for the way forward for humanity.

By creating this curriculum, Rober is scaling the Tremendous Mario Impact. He isn’t simply instructing youngsters to not concern failure; he’s constructing a system the place failure is secure, enjoyable, and a part of the training course of. He’s making a “sport” that each pupil can win.

Why This Issues for You?

Even for those who aren’t a instructor, there’s a lesson right here. Rober noticed a systemic failure and didn’t complain. He engineered an answer. He utilized his “first ideas” pondering—what do academics want? what do youngsters want?—and constructed a product to unravel it.

Once you face a systemic drawback in your workplace or dwelling, don’t simply endure the “stage.” Ask your self: How can I redesign this stage to make success simpler for everybody? Are you able to create a template that saves your workforce hours? Are you able to construct a chore chart that makes cleansing enjoyable in your youngsters? That’s the Tremendous Mario Impact in management.

The Energy of Reframing Failure

Probably the most highly effective takeaways from Mark Rober’s philosophy is that failure is just not a vacation spot; it’s a mechanism. It’s a instrument for calibration.

The Chess Experiment: Purpose to Fail

Mel Robbins admitted to Rober that she isn’t “enthusiastic about failing.” Most of us aren’t. We’re hardwired to keep away from it. However Rober shared a private story about how he hacked his personal mind to recover from his concern of shedding at chess.

He realized he wasn’t taking part in on-line chess as a result of he was afraid of injuring his ranking or feeling silly. So, he set a counter-intuitive purpose: “I need to lose 10 video games.”

He flipped the script. As an alternative of the purpose being to “win” (which is out of his full management towards a greater opponent), the purpose grew to become to “lose.” Out of the blue, each loss was successful. He ticked a field. He completed his goal.

“It completely labored for me cuz now I then I uncovered myself to shedding extra and now I don’t even give it some thought. And I really like I don’t internalize it as a adverse factor,” Rober stated.

Publicity Remedy for the Ego

This “purpose to fail” technique is a type of publicity remedy. By deliberately in search of out the factor you concern (failure/rejection) and realizing that you just survived it, you desensitize your amygdala—the a part of your mind that processes concern.

If you’re fearful of gross sales calls, make your purpose to get 50 “Nos” at present. Each hang-up is a victory in direction of your purpose. If you’re afraid of courting, make your purpose to go on 10 unhealthy dates.

By making failure the target, you take away the strain. You cease tensing up. And mockingly, whenever you cease fearing failure, you usually carry out higher. You play looser. You are taking extra dangers. You invoke the Tremendous Mario Impact since you are simply “taking part in the extent” to sway the chances, to not show your price.

“Begin small and make your purpose to fail,” Rober advises. It’s a refined however genius reframe. When failure is the purpose, you might be at all times successful, both by studying or by hitting your goal.

Discovering the Positivity within the Fail

“If you’re not failing, that’s an issue, proper? Like you’ll want to be testing the boundaries,” Rober asserts.

In engineering, if a element by no means breaks throughout testing, it means you made it too heavy or too costly. You over-engineered it. You don’t know the place the sting is till you fall off it.

In life, for those who by no means fail, it means you might be taking part in too secure. You aren’t rising. You aren’t discovering your limits. The Tremendous Mario Impact challenges us to seek out the “positivity within the fail.” A failure is only a signpost that claims, “Not this fashion.” It narrows the trail to success.

Each improper flip in a maze brings you mathematically nearer to the exit, supplied you bear in mind to not take that flip once more. That’s the key: Studying yet another means to not do it.

Creativity is a Muscle

A standard fable is that individuals like Mark Rober are simply “born inventive.” They’ve a particular gene that enables them to dream up glitter bombs and speaking pianos. Rober pushes again on this difficult.

“Creativity is a muscle,” he insists. “The extra time you spend in that house, the extra snug with you you might be with it, the extra shortly your mind goes to that spot.”

The Neuroscience of Creativity

Rober cites analysis by Dr. Adam Inexperienced from Georgetown, involving alpha mind waves. Research present that inventive problem-solving is correlated with particular mind exercise that may be measured. Extra importantly, this exercise will be elevated with follow.

Identical to lifting weights tears muscle fibers to rebuild them stronger, participating in inventive duties builds the neural pathways required for innovation.

This connects instantly again to the Tremendous Mario Impact. When you’re taking part in a online game, you might be continually problem-solving. “How do I beat this boss? That didn’t work. Let me do this.” You’re flexing your creativity muscle in a low-stakes atmosphere.

Curiosity: The Engine of Progress

The gasoline for this creativity is curiosity. “Essentially the most the very best phrases to listen to in science aren’t like, Eureka, I found it. Like, the very best phrases that result in probably the most scientific breakthrough is like, huh, I ponder why that occurred,” Rober notes, quoting Isaac Asimov.

Curiosity is the antidote to judgment. Once you fail, judgment says, “You’re unhealthy.” Curiosity says, “That was surprising. I ponder why that occurred?”

By shifting from judgment to curiosity, you hold your mind in a studying state slightly than a defensive state. You stay within the sport. You retain taking part in Tremendous Mario.

Begin viewing the world by way of a lens of “Huh?”

• “Huh, I ponder why that consumer stated no?”
• “Huh, I ponder why I really feel so drained at 2 PM?”
• “Huh, I ponder why this relationship isn’t working?”

This straightforward query opens the door to the Tremendous Mario Impact, turning a dead-end right into a puzzle to be solved.

The Secret of Damaging Gratitude

Whereas the Tremendous Mario Impact teaches us hustle and be taught, Mark Rober additionally shared a profound technique for happiness and perspective, which he calls “adverse gratitude.”

This idea arose from a dialogue in regards to the “hedonic treadmill”—the human tendency to chase the subsequent huge factor (cash, views, standing) solely to seek out that it doesn’t deliver lasting happiness.

The “Take It Away” Hack

Rober proposes a psychological reset button. When you end up obsessing over what you don’t have—a greater automobile, the next wage, extra followers—he suggests visualizing the lack of what you do have.

“Think about take one thing away, say like a companion or somebody meaning quite a bit to you. How would you’re feeling?” he asks.

That is highly effective stuff. Mel Robbins recounted how, even when she was $800,000 in debt and offended at her husband, she by no means as soon as wished he was gone. Recognizing that, even within the worst monetary disaster, she nonetheless had the one factor that mattered most, was a grounding power.

“Damaging gratitude” isn’t about being pessimistic; it’s about seeing the abundance in your life by simulating its absence. It snaps you out of the shortage mindset and right into a state of deep appreciation.

Effectivity vs. Inefficiency in Parenting (and Relationships)

This gratitude mindset results in a vital shift in how we relate to others, particularly our youngsters. Rober, a former NASA engineer obsessive about optimization, realized that effectivity is the enemy of connection.

“If at work I’m on this hyper-optimization mode… whenever you get dwelling you’ll want to flip that and you’ll want to not be environment friendly along with your youngsters. The telephone goes down and your purpose needs to be flipped. I have to be as inefficient as doable,” he says.

Effectivity is for robots and rovers. Relationships require inefficiency. They require studying the identical ebook 4 instances. They require listening to a long-winded story that has no level. They require losing time collectively.

By making use of the Tremendous Mario Impact to your relationships, the “purpose” isn’t to get the youngsters to mattress as quick as doable (effectivity). The purpose is to construct a bond (the Princess). And infrequently, probably the most direct path to that purpose is a meandering, inefficient one.

Easy Science: The Magic of On a regular basis Wonders

To really undertake the mindset of a lifelong learner—a key element of the Tremendous Mario Impact—you should domesticate a way of marvel in regards to the bodily world. Rober demonstrated this with two extremely easy but mind-blowing experiments throughout the interview.

The Levitating Ping Pong Ball (Kanda Impact)

Rober took an ordinary hair dryer and a ping pong ball. By pointing the hair dryer up and turning it on, the ball levitated within the stream of air. However the magic occurred when he tilted the dryer. The ball didn’t fall; it stayed “glued” to the airstream even at an angle.

That is the Coanda Impact (or Kanda Impact). The fast-moving air creates a pocket of low strain across the curve of the ball. The upper strain of the nonetheless air within the room pushes the ball into the stream, locking it in place. This identical precept explains why airplane wings generate raise and why curveballs curve.

The Hen Cup

Subsequent, he took a crimson plastic cup with a string poked by way of the underside and a moist paper towel. By pinching the moist towel over the string and flattening, he created friction. The string vibrated, appearing like a violin string. The underside of the cup acted as a diaphragm (like an eardrum or speaker cone), amplifying the vibration right into a loud, clucking sound.

Why does this matter? These aren’t simply celebration methods. They’re reminders that the world is constructed on fascinating, comprehensible guidelines. Once you perceive why a cup clucks or why a ball floats, you’re feeling a way of company. You notice that issues aren’t “magic”; they’re solvable puzzles.

This reinforces the Tremendous Mario Impact. If physics is a puzzle you’ll be able to resolve, then so is your profession. So is your health. So is your happiness. It’s all simply trigger and impact, ready so that you can determine the variables.

Incessantly Requested Questions

To wrap up this masterclass on the Tremendous Mario Impact, listed below are solutions to the most typical questions on Mark Rober’s philosophy and profession.

Conclusion: Stage Up Your Life

The Tremendous Mario Impact is greater than only a intelligent analogy; it’s a permission slip to be imperfect. It’s a reminder that the “Sport Over” display is a lie. So long as you might be nonetheless respiration, you may have limitless lives. You’ll be able to at all times hit “Proceed.”

Mark Rober’s journey from NASA to YouTube proves that the trail to success is just not a straight line. It’s a collection of experiments, failures, and respawns. It includes leaping over pits, dodging turtle shells, and sometimes falling into the lava.

However for those who can shift your focus from the pits to the Princess—from the ache of failure to the fun of the purpose—you develop into unstoppable.

Your Motion Plan:

1. Reframe Failure: The subsequent time you screw up, say, “Correction famous. Respawing.” Don’t let it develop into your id.
2. Conceal the Greens: Pair the exhausting work you’ll want to do with the enjoyable actions you like to do.
3. Set a Purpose to Fail: Attempt to get 10 rejections this week. Desensitize your self to the sting.
4. Follow Damaging Gratitude: Once you really feel a scarcity, think about shedding what you like. Then, experience the truth that it’s nonetheless right here.

Life is the last word open-world sport. There are not any directions, and the map is big. However with the Tremendous Mario Impact, you may have the one cheat code you want: hold taking part in.